Papers
2024
- Lindgren, K. P., Baldwin, A. S., Kross, E., Ramirez, J. J., Tristao, T., Peterson, K. P., Teachman, B. A., Wiers, R., Neighbors, C. (2024). Investigating cognitive and motivational proximal outcomes in a randomized clinical trial of writing about the future self to reduce drinking. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research.
2023
- Kross, E. & Ayduk, O. (2023). Distancing: What it is, How it Works, and Where to Go Next. Handbook of Emotion Regulation, 3rd Ed., James J. Gross and Brett Ford (eds).
- Gueverra, D., Kross, E., & Moser, J. (2023). Harnessing placebo effects to regulate emotions. Handbook of Emotion Regulation, 3rd Ed., James J. Gross and Brett Ford (eds).
- Lindgren, K. P., Baldwin, S. A., Kross, E., Ramirez, J. R., Peterson, K. P. , Tristao, T., Teachman, B. A., Wiers, R. A., & Neighbors, C. (2023). Writing About the Future Self to Shift Drinking Identity: An Experimental Investigation. Alcohol.
- Pfund, G., Strecher, V., Kross, E., & Hill, P.L. (2023). Sense of purpose and strategies for coping with anxiety across adulthood. The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry.
- Rodriguez, M., & Kross, E. (2023). Sensory emotion regulation. Trends in cognitive sciences.
- Orvell, A., Elli, G., Umscheid, V., Ella Simmons, Kross, E., & Gelman,S. (2023) Learning the rules of the game: The role of generic “you” and “we” in shaping children’s interpretations of norms. Child Development.
- Kross, E., Ong, M, & Ayduk, O. (2023). Self-Reflection at Work: Why it Matters and How to Harness its Potential and Avoid its Pitfalls. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology.
2022
- Webster, C., Berg, M., Kross, E., & Moser, J. (2022). An Event-Related Potential Investigation of Distanced Self-Talk: Replication and Comparison to Detached Reappraisal. International Journal of Psychophysiology.
- Lindgren, K., Baldwin, S., Peterson, K., Ramirez, J.J., Teachman, B., Kross, E., Wiers, R., & Neighbors, C. (2022). Maturing Out: Between- and Within-Persons Changes in Social-Network Drinking, Drinking Identity, and Hazardous Drinking Following College Graduation. Clinical Psychological Science.
- Orvell, A., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Vickers, B., Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2022). From the laboratory to daily life: Preliminary evidence that self-distancing training buffers vulnerable individuals against daily rumination and depression over time. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice.
- Orvell, A., Gelman, S. A., & Kross, E. (2022) What “you” and “we” say about me: How small shifts in language reveal and empower fundamental shifts in perspective. Social and Personality Psychology Compass.
- Salvador, C., Orvell, A., Kross, E., & Gelman, S. (2022). How Spanish speakers express norms using generic person markers. Scientific Reports.
- Gainsburg, I., Sowden, W., Drake, B., Herold, W., & Kross, E. (2022). Distanced self-talk increases rational self-interest. Scientific Reports.
- Verduyn, P & Kross, E. (2022). Do social network sites influence well-being? The extended active-passive model. Current Directions in Psychological Science.
2021
- Soter, L.K., Berg, M.K., Gelman, S.A., & Kross, E. (2021). What we would (but shouldn’t) do for those we love: Universalism versus partiality in responding to others’ moral transgressions. Cognition.
- Weidman, A. C. & Kross, E. (2021). Examining emotional tool use in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
- Berg, M., Kitayama, S., & Kross. E. (2021). How relationships bias moral reasoning: Neural and self-report evidence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
- Verduyn, P., Nino Gugushvili & Kross, E. (2021). The impact of social network sites on mental health: Distinguishing active from passive use. World Psychiatry.
- Verduyn, P., Schulte-Strathaus, J., Kross, E., & Hülsheger, U. (2020). When do smartphones displace face-to-face interactions and what to do about it? Computer in Human Behavior.
2020
- Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Sheppes, G., Costello, C., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2020). Social media and well-being: Pitfalls, progress, and next steps. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
- Guevarra, D., Moser, J., Wager, T., & Kross, E. (2020). Placebos without deception reduce self-report and neural measures of emotional distress. Nature Communications.
- Orvell, A., Kross, E., & Gelman, S. (2020). "You" speaks to me: Effects of generic-you in creating resonance between people and ideas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
- Orvell, A., Vickers, B., Drake, B., Verduyn, P., Ayduk, O., Moser, J., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2020). Does distanced self-talk facilitate emotion regulation across a range of emotionally intense experiences? Clinical Psychological Science.
- Weidman, A., Sowden, W., Berg, M., & Kross, E. (2020). Punish or protect? How close relationships shape responses to moral violations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
- Furman C., Kross, E., & Gearhardt, A. (2020). Distanced self-talk enhances goal pursuit to eat healthier. Clinical Psychological Science.
- Verduyn, P., Gugushvili, N., Massar, K., Taht, K., & Kross, E.,(2020). Social comparison on social networking sites. Current Opinion in Psychology.
- Kross, E., & Chandhok, S. (2020). How do online social networks influence people’s emotional lives? Applications of Social Psychology.
- Fujita, K., Orvell, A., & Kross, E. (2020). Smarter, not harder: A Toolbox approach to enhancing self-control. Policy Insights from Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
- Gainsburg, I., & Kross, E.(2020). Distanced self-talk changes how people conceptualize the self. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
- Sternberg, N., Luria, R., Vickers, B., Kross, E., & Sheppes, G. (2020). When Facebook and finals collide: Procrastinatory social media usage predicts enhanced anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior.
2019
- Orvell, A., Ayduk, O., Moser, J., Gelman, S., & Kross, E. (2019). Linguistic shifts: A relatively effortless route to emotion regulation? Current Directions in Psychological Science.
- Orvell, A., Kross, E., & Gelman, S. (2019). "You" and "I" in a foreign land: The persuasive force of generic-you. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
- Kross, E. (2019). Remembering Walter Mischel (1930 – 2018). Association for Psychological Science Observer.
- Orvell, A. & Kross, E. (2019). How self-talk promotes self-regulation: Implications for coping with emotional pain. In S. C. Rudert, R. Greifender, & K. D. Williams (Eds.), Current Directions in Ostracism, Social Exclusion and Rejection Research. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Grenell, A., White, R. E., Prager, E. O., Schaeffer, C., Kross, E., Duckworth, A., & Carlson, S. M. (2019). Experimental paradigm for measuring the effects of self-distancing in young children. JoVE.
- Lee, D., Orvell, A., Briskin, J., Shrapnell, T., Gelman, S., Ayduk, O., Ybarra, O. & Kross, E., (2019). When chatting about negative experiences helps—and when it hurts: Distinguishing adaptive vs. maladaptive social support in computer-mediated communications. Emotion.
- Grenell, A., Prager, E. O., Schaefer, C., Kross, E., Duckworth, A. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2019). Individual differences in the effectiveness of self-distancing for young children’s emotion regulation. British Journal of Developmental Psychology.
- Herold, W., Sowden, W., & Kross, E. (2019). Virtue and Self-Distancing. In N.E. Snow & D. Narvaez (Eds.), Self, Motivation and Virtue: Innovative Interdisciplinary Research. New York, NY: Routledge.
2018
- Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Boyer, M., Drake, B., Gainsburg, I., Vickers, B., . . . Jonides, J. (2018). Does counting emotion words on online social networks provide a window into people’s subjective experience of emotion? A case study on Facebook. Emotion.
- Orvell, A., Kross, E., & Gelman, S. (2018). Lessons learned: Young children's use of generic-you to make meaning from negative experiences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
- White, R., Kuehn, M. M., Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2018). Focusing on the future from afar: Self-distancing from future stressors facilitates adaptive coping. Emotion.
- Kaplow, J. B., Wardecker, B. M., Layne, C. M., Kross, E., Burnside, A., Edlestein, R. S., & Prossin, A. R. (2018). Out of the mouths of babes: Links between linguistic structure of loss narratives and psychosocial functioning in parentally bereaved children. Journal of Traumatic Stress.
- Orvell, A., Kross, E., & Gelman, S. A. (2018). That’s how “you” do it: Generic you expresses norms during early childhood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology.
- Cardinale, R., O’Donnell, L., Chun, J., Park, J., Kross, E., Kamali, M., McInnis, M., & Deldin, P. (2018). A preliminary study of central nervous system arousal and sleep quality in Bipolar Disorder. Psychopathology, 51, 269-275.
2017
- Orvell, A., Kross, E., & Gelman, S. A. (2017). How "you" makes meaning. Science.
- Moser, J. S., Dougherty, A., Mattson, W. I., Katz, B., Moran, T. P., Guevarra, D., . . . Kross, E. (2017). Third-person self-talk facilitates emotion regulation without engaging cognitive control: Converging evidence from ERP and fMRI. Scientific Reports.
- Kross, E. (2017). Is psychology headed in the right direction? Perspectives on Psychological Science.
- Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2017). Self-distancing: Theory, research and current directions. In J. Olson & M. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.
- Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Resibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017). Do social networks sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review. Social Issues and Policy Review.
- Kross, E., Vickers, B. D., Orvell, A., Gainsburg, I., Moran, T. P., Boyer, M., . . . Ayduk, O. (2017). Third person-self talk reduces Ebola worry and risk perception by enhancing rational thinking. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being.
- Felsman, P., Verduyn, P., Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2017). Being present: Focusing on the present predicts improvements in life satisfaction but not happiness. Emotion.
- Koban, L., Kross, E., Woo, C. W., Ruzic, L., & Wager, T. D. (2017). Frontal-brainstem pathways mediating placebo effects on emotional pain. Journal of Neuroscience.
- White, R. E., Prager, E. O., Schaefer, C., Kross, E., Duckworth, A. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2017). The “Batman Effect”: Improving perseverance in young children. Child Development.
- Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017). Social media and happiness: The case of Facebook. La Revue québécoise de psychologie.
2016
- Leitner, J. B., Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Magerman, A., Amey, R., Kross, E., & Forbes, C. E. (2016). Self-distancing improves interpersonal perceptions and behavior by decreasing medial prefrontal cortex activity during the provision of criticism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
- Penner, L. A., Guevarra, D. A., Harper, F. W., Taub, J., Phipps, S., Albrecht, T. L., & Kross, E. (2016). Self-distancing buffers high trait anxious pediatric cancer caregivers against short-and longer-term distress. Clinical Psychological Science.
- Park, J., Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2016). Stepping back to move forward: Expressive writing promotes self-distancing. Emotion.
- Mohr, A. H., Kross, E., & Preston, S. D. (2016). Devil in the Details: Effects of depression on the prosocial response depend on timing and similarity. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology.
- Park, J., Lee, D. S., Shablack, H., Verduyn, P., Deldin, P., Ybarra, O., . . . Kross, E. (2016). When perceptions defy reality: The relationships between depression and actual and perceived Facebook social support. Journal of Affective Disorders.
2015
- Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., . . . Kross, E. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
- Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2015). Pronouns matter when psyching yourself up. Harvard Business Review.
- White, R. E., Kross, E., & Duckworth, A. L. (2015). Spontaneous self-distancing and adaptive self-reflection across adolescence. Child Development.
- Kross, E., & Guevarra, D. (2015). Self-Control. Oxford Bibliographies in Psychology.
- Kross, E. (2015). Emotion regulation growth points: Three more to consider. Psychological Inquiry.
- Olsson, A., Kross, E., Nordberg, S. S., Weinberg, A., Weber, J., Schmer-Galunder, S., . . . Ochsner, K. N. (2015). Neural and genetic markers of vulnerability to post-traumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the World Trade Center attacks. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
- Shen, K., Mišić, B., Cipollini, B. N., Bezgin, G., Buschkuehl, M., Hutchison, R. M., . . . Berman, M. G. (2015). Stable long-range interhemispheric coordination is supported by direct anatomical projections. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
2014
- Kross, E., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Park, J., Burson, A., Dougherty, A., Shablack, H., . . . Ayduk, O. (2014). Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: How you do it matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
- Grossmann, I., & Kross, E. (2014). Exploring Solomon’s Paradox: Self-distancing eliminates the self-other asymmetry in wise reasoning about close relationships in younger and older adults. Psychological Science.
- Moser, J. S., Hartwig, R., Moran, T. P., Jendrusina, A. A., & Kross, E. (2014). Neural markers of positive reappraisal and their associations with trait reappraisal and worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
- Park, J., Ayduk, O., O’Donnell, L., Chun, J., Gruber, J., Kamali, M., . . . Kross, E. (2014). Regulating the high: Cognitive and neural processes underlying positive emotion regulation in bipolar I disorder. Clinical Psychological Science.
- Woo, C. W., Koban, L., Kross, E., Lindquist, M. A., Banich, M. T., Ruzic, L., . . . Wager, T. D. (2014). Separate neural representations for physical pain and social rejection. Nature Communications.
- Ybarra, O., Kross, E., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2014). The “big idea” that is yet to be: Towards a more motivated, contextual, and dynamic model of emotional intelligence. The Academy of Management Perspectives.
- Berman, M. G., Misic, B., Buschkuehl, M., Kross, E., Deldin, P. J., Peltier, S., . . . Jonides, J. (2014). Does resting-state connectivity reflect depressive rumination? A tale of two analyses. NeuroImage.
- Mišić, B., Fatima, Z., Askren, M. K., Buschkuehl, M., Churchill, N., Cimprich, B., . . . Berman, M. G. (2014). The functional connectivity landscape of the human brain. PLoS One.
2013
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Wager, T. D., Atlas, L. Y., Lindquist, M. A., Roy, M., Woo, C. W., & Kross, E. (2013). An fMRI-based neurologic signature of physical pain. The New England Journal of Medicine.
Commentary: The New England Journal of Medicine.
Commentary: Shen, H. (2013). Brain signature reveals our level of pain. Science.
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Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., . . . Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLoS One.
Commentary: Shen, H. (2013). Facebook is making you sad. Science.
Commentary: Facebook is bad for you: Get a life! The Economist.
- Krpan, K. M., Kross, E., Berman, M. G., Deldin, P. J., Askren, M. K., & Jonides, J. (2013). An everyday activity as a treatment for depression: The benefits of expressive writing for people diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders.
- Berman, M. G., Yourganov, G., Askren, M. K., Ayduk, O., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., . . . Jonides, J. (2013). Dimensionality of brain networks linked to life-long individual differences in self-control. Nature Communications.
- Ybarra, O., Kross, E., Lee, D. S., Zhao, Y., Dougherty, A., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2013). Toward a more contextual, psychological, and dynamic model of emotional intelligence. In A. B. Baker (Eds.), Advances in Positive Organization Psychology (pp. 167-187). Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
2012
- Kross, E., Gard, D., Deldin, P., Clifton, J., & Ayduk, O. (2012). "Asking why" from a distance: Its cognitive and emotional consequences for people with major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
- Kross, E., & Grossmann, I. (2012). Boosting wisdom: Distance from the self enhances wise reasoning, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
- Selcuk, E., Zayas, V., Gunaydin, G., Hazan, C., & Kross, E. (2012). Mental representations of attachment figures facilitate recovery following upsetting autobiographical memory recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
- Verduyn, P., Van Mechelen, I., Kross, E., Chezzi, C, & Van Bever F. (2012). The relationship between self-distancing and the duration of negative and positive emotional experiences in daily life. Emotion.
- Mischkowski, D., Kross, E., & Bushman, B. (2012). Flies on the wall are less aggressive: Self-distancing "in the heat of the moment" reduces aggressive thoughts, angry feelings and aggressive behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
- Berman, M. G., Kross, E., Krpan, K. M., Askren, M. K., Burson, A., Deldin, P. J., . . . Jonides, J. (2012). Interacting with nature improves cognition and affect for individuals with depression. Journal of Affective Disorders.
- Buhle, J. T., Kober, H., Ochsner, K. N., Mende-Siedlecki, P., Weber, J., Hughes, B. L., . . . Wager, T. D. (2012). Common representation of pain and negative emotion in the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
2011
- Kross, E., Berman, M. G., Mischel, W., Smith, E. E., & Wager, T. D. (2011). Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
- Kross, E., Berman, M., Mischel, W., Smith, E. E., & Wager, T. (2011). Reply to Iannetti and Mouraux: What fMRI responses to physical pain tell us about why social rejection hurts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
- Kross, E., Duckworth, A., Ayduk, O., & Tsukayama, E., & Mischel, W. (2011). The effect of self-distancing on adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection in children. Emotion.
- Berman, M. G., Nee, D. E., Casement, M., Kim, H. S., Deldin, P., Kross, E., . . . Jonides, J. (2011). Neural and behavioral effects of interference resolution in depression and rumination. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience.
- Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., . . . Shoda, Y. (2011). 'Willpower' over the life span: Decomposing self-regulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
- Ybarra, O., Rees, L., Kross, E., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2011). Social context and the psychology of emotional intelligence: A key to creating positive organizations. In K. Cameron & G. Spreitzer (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship (pp. 201-214). New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
2010
- Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2010). From a distance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
- Grossmann, I. & Kross, E. (2010). The impact of culture on adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection. Psychological Science.
- Kober, H., Mende-Siedlecki, P., Kross, E., Mischel, W., Hart, C. L., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). Prefrontal-striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
- Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2010). Analyzing negative experiences without ruminating: The role of self-distancing in enabling adaptive self-reflection. Social and Personality Psychology Compass.
- Kross, E., & Mischel, W. (2010). From stimulus control to self-control: Towards an integrative understanding of the processes underlying willpower. In R. Hassin, K. Ochsner, & Y. Trope. (Eds.), From Society to Brain: The New Sciences of Self-Control, (pp. 428-446). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Berman, M. G., Peltier, S., Nee, D. E., Kross, E., Deldin, P. J., & Jonides, J. (2010). Depression, rumination and the default network. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
- Kross, E., & Ochsner, K. (2010). Integrating research on self-control across multiple levels of analysis: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. In R. Hassin, K. Ochsner, & Y. Trope. (Eds.), From Society to Brain: The New Sciences of Self-Control, (pp. 76-92). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Kross, E., Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y., & (2010). Enabling self-control: A cognitive affective processing system (CAPS) approach to problematic behavior. In J. Maddux & J. Tangney (Eds.), Social Psychological Foundations of Clinical Psychology, (pp. 375-394). New York: Guilford Press.
2009
- Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2009). Boundary conditions and buffering effects: Does depressive symptomology moderate the effectiveness of self-distancing for facilitating adaptive emotional analysis? Journal of Research in Personality.
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Kross, E., Davidson, M., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. (2009). Coping with emotions past: The neural bases of regulating affect associated with negative autobiographical memories. Biological Psychiatry.
Commentary: Carter, C. S. (2009). The ups and downs of emotion regulation. Biological Psychiatry.
Society of Biological Psychiatry's Ziskind-Somerfeld Award Finalist
- Kross, E. (2009). When the self becomes other: Toward an integrative understanding of the processes distinguishing adaptive self-reflection from rumination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
- Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2009). Asking ‘why’ from a distance facilitates emotional processing: A reanalysis of Wimalaweera and Moulds (2008). Behaviour Research and Therapy.
- Kober, H., Kross, E., Hart, C. L., Mischel, W., & Ochsner, K. N. (2009). Regulation of craving by cognitive strategies in cigarette smokers. Drugs and Alcohol Dependence.
2008 and Earlier
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Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008). Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Distinguishing distanced-analysis of depressive experiences from immersed-analysis and distraction. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin.
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Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2008). Enhancing the pace of recovery: Self-distanced analysis of negative experiences reduces blood pressure reactivity. Psychological Science.
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Kross, E., & Clasen, P., (2008). Neural Processes in Rejection Sensitivity: Differences in Emotional Appraisal or Control? In F. Erkman (Ed.), Acceptance: The Essence of Peace. Selected Papers from the First International Congress on Interpersonal Acceptance and Rejection, (pp. 51-66). Istanbul: Turkish Psychology Association.
- Kross, E., Egner, T., Downey, G., Ochsner, K., & Hirsch, J. (2007). Neural dynamics of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
- Mischel, W., DeSmet, A., & Kross, E (2006). Self-regulation in the service of conflict resolution. In M. Deutsch, P.T. Coleman, and E.C. Marcus (Eds.), Handbook of Conflict Resolution (2nd ed., pp. 294-313). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005). When asking "why" does not hurt: Distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions. Psychological Science.